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Подскажите, как сделать так, что бы в названиях окон были нормальные русские буквы вместо квадратиков?
Along the Unixway.
Спасибо сказали:
clx Сообщения: 3121 Статус: Think Different ! ОС: Mac OS X
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение clx » 21.08.2005 22:47
Для RedStalker_Mike:
Нужно править конфиг темки (themerc) — прописывать нормальные шрифты.
iMac 20″ Core Duo.
Спасибо сказали:
RedStalker_Mike Сообщения: 108
Re: OpenBox
это я уже понял =)
вот что я прописал:
window.active.label.text.font:verdana:bold:pixelsize=10
window.active.label.text.font:verdana:bold:pixelsize=10
menu.title.text.font:verdana:bold:pixelsize=10
menu.items.font:verdana:bold:pixelsize=10
И всё равно квадратики.
Если у кого стоит FreeBSD 5.4 c OpenBox, киньте плиз отрывок конфига какой нить темы, где шрифты правильно написаны
Along the Unixway.
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clx Сообщения: 3121 Статус: Think Different ! ОС: Mac OS X
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение clx » 21.08.2005 22:56
window.active.label.text.font: Verdana:bold:pixelsize=11 menu.items.font: Verdana:pixelsize=11 menu.title.text.font: Verdana:bold:pixelsize=12:shadow=yИ все ок. Ты reconfigure делал?
iMac 20″ Core Duo.
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FreeNUX Сообщения: 185 Статус: с сириуса ОС: FreeBSD 6.2
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение FreeNUX » 21.08.2005 23:10
Для RedStalker_Mike:
Попробуй вместо UTF-8 заюзать KOI8-R, для этого правь ~/config/openbox/menu.xml.
Аркона – лишь тихие воды,
Кровью варяжской янтарь в них застыл.
Аркона – там ветер со взморья
В трещинах скал своё сердце забыл.
Темнозорь — Аркона (Вольницей В Просинь Ночей — 2005)
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RedStalker_Mike Сообщения: 108
Re: OpenBox
2clx:
да, и притом неоднократно
тема стандартная пока, Blah41
2FreeNUX:
если о самом первом теге, то он у меня в виде
RedStalker_Mike добавил в 22.08.2005 00:18
всё, вопрос снимается, всем спасибо =) решение найдено!
Along the Unixway.
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clx Сообщения: 3121 Статус: Think Different ! ОС: Mac OS X
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение clx » 22.08.2005 14:30
Для RedStalker_Mike:
Какое решение? Поделись с народом, а то мало ли у кого будет такая же проблема..
iMac 20″ Core Duo.
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RedStalker_Mike Сообщения: 108
Re: OpenBox
Это скорее моя глупость а не решение =)
Просто по умолчанию когда мы указываем в rc.xml тему:
то он смотрит в системный каталог, у меня /usr/X11R6/share/openbox/themes/Blah41. Я же создал копию этой темы и поместил её к себе в домашний каталог, т.е. ~/.config/openbox/themes/Blah41. Соответственно, когда он стал загружаться, он сразу взял тему из системного каталога, а не ту что я редактировал.
Т.е. ему надо указывать полный путь к теме, иначе он ищет её в своём дефолтовом каталоге, а не в хомяке юзверя. Вот и все делы, собственно говоря :devil_2: .
Along the Unixway.
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clx Сообщения: 3121 Статус: Think Different ! ОС: Mac OS X
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение clx » 22.08.2005 23:38
Для RedStalker_Mike:
Геморно. Не проще кидать все темки в /usr/share/themes/ или ~/.themes, а переключаться между ними с помощью программы obconf ?
iMac 20″ Core Duo.
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RedStalker_Mike Сообщения: 108
Re: OpenBox
На мой взгяд нет =)
утилиту obconf не использую, как рекомендовано было в официальной документации вроде да и вообще я не сторонник каких либо конфигураторов к вм.
а редактировать, что либо, касающееся тебя самого в системных каталогах — это опасная, лично на мой взгляд, манера/привычка =)
зато этот факт позволил разобраться в этом месте программы :devil_2:
Along the Unixway.
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Art Сообщения: 22
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение Art » 12.09.2005 14:58
Столкнулся вот с таким глюком в свежеустановленном Openbox (см. прикрепленную картинку). Что это и как бороться?
PS: дистрибутив Gentoo.
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clx Сообщения: 3121 Статус: Think Different ! ОС: Mac OS X
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение clx » 12.09.2005 18:40
Для Art:
Пробовал темку менять? Тоже самое?
iMac 20″ Core Duo.
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Art Сообщения: 22
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение Art » 13.09.2005 14:37
Да. На любой теме такое. Пробовал даже саму тему редактировать (менять размер шрифта), получается та же фигня (пропорционально указанному шрифту)
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Art Сообщения: 22
Re: OpenBox
Сообщение Art » 15.09.2005 17:09
Все, проблема решилась. Оказывается был косяк конкретной версии. Обновился сегодня и все стало нормально
Art добавил в 15.09.2005 17:09
Новая проблема. Не ловятся в кейбиндингах мультимедийные клавиши.
в ~/.Xmodmap все прописано
(«.Xmodmap») писал(а): keycode 144 = XF86AudioPrev
keycode 153 = XF86AudioNext
keycode 164 = XF86AudioStop
keycode 162 = XF86AudioPlay
В XFce4 все работает при этом :-/
В чем может быть проблема? :-/
Вышел tmux 1.1
Вышла новая версия tmux (terminal multiplexer) — альтернативы GNU Screen с BSD-лицензией.
- Возможность определять несколько префиксных сочетаний клавиш.
- Новая опция сессии mouse-select-pane для выбора активной вкладки с помощью мыши.
- Новая опция synchronize-panes для посылания ввода во все вкладки текущего окна одновременно.
- Поддержка групп сессий.
- Поддержка автоматического переименования вкладок для Solaris.
- Добавлен флаг командной строки -c для выполнения команд оболочки.
- Мелкие изменения в коде и багфиксы.
- Многое другое (ссылка на полный changelog прилагается).
Tmux является частью базовой системы OpenBSD, но работает также и на Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OS X, Solaris и AIX.
xetf ★★
05.11.09 21:36:58 MSK
Проверено: maxcom ( 05.11.09 22:45:53 MSK )
← 1 2 3 →
Вышел tmux 1.1
Прочитал как » Вышел linux 1.1″. Или ШГ или я за сегодня УГ стал.
UserUnknown ★★★★★
( 05.11.09 21:42:12 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
У БЗДишников, как всегда, гипертрофированный синдром NIH.
anonymous
( 05.11.09 22:57:38 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Ну и нафига оно нужно, когда есть собственно сам screen?
anonymous
( 05.11.09 22:58:06 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 05.11.09 22:57:38 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
Я использую tmux под линуксом.
Deleted
( 05.11.09 23:01:56 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Очередной велик от бздунов. Закапыватйте!
is977
( 05.11.09 23:02:39 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 05.11.09 22:58:06 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
Ну и нафига оно нужно, когда есть собственно сам screen?
xetf ★★
( 05.11.09 23:02:59 MSK ) автор топика
Вышел tmux 1.1
а ведь няшная штуковина. там как в скрине скриптовать запуск можно из конфига? нет, я понимаю, из xinitrc все можно, а из tmuxrc? на сайте не нашел.
volh ★★
( 05.11.09 23:04:09 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
> Добавлен _влаг_ командной строки -c для выполнения команд оболочки.
sf ★★★
( 05.11.09 23:06:17 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от volh 05.11.09 23:04:09 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
>там как в скрине скриптовать запуск можно из конфига?
Типа, сказать ему сколько вкладок при старте открыть и что в них запустить? Если да, то можно.
xetf ★★
( 05.11.09 23:07:42 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от xetf 05.11.09 23:07:42 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
ага, ну и отлично. значит перейду, если не будет как в бете зажирать процессор и все портить в консоли при вертикальной разбивке.
volh ★★
( 05.11.09 23:10:15 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
atrus ★★★★★
( 05.11.09 23:12:25 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
интересная штуковина. пойду поиграюсь.
naquad
( 05.11.09 23:13:06 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Мелкомягкие и бздуны — самые большие враги GNU и GPL.
emperor
( 05.11.09 23:15:31 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
в нем работает gpm, в частности vim ?
gavv
( 05.11.09 23:15:51 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от gavv 05.11.09 23:15:51 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
xetf ★★
( 05.11.09 23:17:16 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от xetf 05.11.09 23:17:16 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
это круто, потому что в скрине были проблемы, нужен был патч к гпм-у
gavv
( 05.11.09 23:18:42 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от gavv 05.11.09 23:18:42 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
А, нет, попробовал на tty2 — не работает.
xetf ★★
( 05.11.09 23:23:04 MSK ) автор топика
Вышел tmux 1.1
- Добавлен влаг командной строки -c для выполнения команд оболочки.
Влаг? Для Влагания во Влагалище? Там этой недоделке и место.
emperor
( 05.11.09 23:27:59 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Для тех кто орет про ненужность: попробуйте с нуля осилить сначала screen а потом tmux. «Ощути разницу», да. Со скрином ох как я мучался, одни только хардстатусы всякие чего стоят (ну вот почему «хардстатус»?). Конфиг тоже после скриновского почти идеальный
ZZaiatSS ★★
( 05.11.09 23:28:10 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от emperor 05.11.09 23:27:59 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
А ещё maxcom проверял! Стыд и позор!
emperor
( 05.11.09 23:29:19 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от ZZaiatSS 05.11.09 23:28:10 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
хардстатусы-то ладно, а вот что gpm тоже не пашет жалко
хотя надо тот-же патч попробовать взять, проблема наверное одинаковая
gavv
( 05.11.09 23:30:30 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Цитата из FAQ проги:
* How is tmux different from GNU screen? What else does it offer?
tmux offers several advantages over screen:
.
— a cleaner, modern, easily extended, BSD-licensed codebase.
Таки точно NIH-синдром, помноженный на гиперЧСВ бздунов.
emperor
( 05.11.09 23:32:53 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от emperor 05.11.09 23:32:53 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
Про cleaner как-раз в точку
ZZaiatSS ★★
( 05.11.09 23:33:39 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 05.11.09 22:57:38 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
> синдром NIH
там layout’ы[1] и их запоминание (между detach и attach) реализованы намного лучше, чем в screen. А авторазбивка окон напоминает dvtm и dwm. И поддержка emacs-раскладки в copy-mode более удобная, чем можно реализовать мапя vi-шные комбинации в screen.
Это если забыть, что screen не поддерживает юникод в строке статуса. И vertical split более тормозной в screen[1]. А скриптинг на lua так и не включили в основную ветку.
[1] есть только в git. Последний релиз был слишком давно.
anonymous
( 05.11.09 23:41:33 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
ну наконец-то сделали поддержку ti/te (alternate screen). Без нее less оставлял мусор в окне после закрытия.
anonymous
( 05.11.09 23:44:37 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Оно уже не глючит с гноме-терминалом?
Так штука неплохая, если б не досадные баги.
nitz ★★
( 05.11.09 23:47:35 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 05.11.09 23:44:37 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
Странно, у меня не оставляет ничего. Какой терминал?
ZZaiatSS ★★
( 05.11.09 23:52:53 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
ура, теперь копипастить можно длинные строки, кои разбиты на несколько word-wrap’ом. tmux теперь как и screen их склеивает обратно.
однако все равно мне не подходит, ибо при erase и erase2 равными ^H, tmux все равно выдает ^? при нажатии backspace
/* * Check for backspace key using termios VERASE - the terminfo * kbs entry is extremely unreliable, so cannot be safely * used. termios should have a better idea. */ bspace = tty->tio.c_cc[VERASE]; if (bspace != _POSIX_VDISABLE && *key == bspace) *key = KEYC_BSPACE;
не смотря на коммент, значение из termios не используется как бы не утверждал автор в bug#2856672, ибо KEYC_BSPACE всегда равен ^?.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 00:03:37 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
очередной ненужный велосипед, зато бзд.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 00:07:34 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Ну теперь аналог screen появится и в windows7.
wfrr ★★☆
( 06.11.09 00:11:24 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 05.11.09 23:41:33 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
> поддержка emacs-раскладки в copy-mode более удобная, чем можно реализовать мапя vi-шные комбинации в screen.
Похороните меня за плинтусом, но я такие словоформы не перевариваю.
nikolayd ★
( 06.11.09 00:12:13 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от ZZaiatSS 05.11.09 23:28:10 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
>>Для тех кто орет про ненужность: попробуйте с нуля осилить сначала screen
screen асилил. какие проблемы? зачем асиливать нинужную поделку? на серваках ее один хер нет и ставить это говнище никто не будет.
is977
( 06.11.09 00:24:15 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от is977 06.11.09 00:24:15 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
Даже не буду спрашивать почему
ZZaiatSS ★★
( 06.11.09 00:28:52 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от ZZaiatSS 06.11.09 00:28:52 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
>> Даже не буду спрашивать почему
нет уж спроси! мне например интересно
beria
( 06.11.09 00:45:26 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от beria 06.11.09 00:45:26 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
Думаю ответ будет в виде «а зачем ано надо когда я и так знаю скрин??»
ZZaiatSS ★★
( 06.11.09 00:47:10 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
очевидно, что вся фишка тут в лицензии. бздуны, будучи проприетарщиками в душе, не смогли пользоваться скрином, т.к. он выпущен под свободной лицензией.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 00:59:48 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 06.11.09 00:59:48 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
Да пофиг на лицензию, код всё равно открыт. tmux элементарно удобнее, к тому же активно развивается (с сегодняшней динамикой разработки скрин скоро начнёт пованивать, никак не могут выпустить релиз с вертикальной разбивкой, приходится собирать из cvs или патчить).
xetf ★★
( 06.11.09 01:05:25 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от Deleted 05.11.09 23:01:56 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
>Я использую tmux под линуксом.
jackill ★★★★★
( 06.11.09 01:06:30 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от ZZaiatSS 06.11.09 00:47:10 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
>Думаю ответ будет в виде «а зачем ано надо когда я и так знаю скрин??»
Наверное потому, что screen поддерживает больше платформ?
jackill ★★★★★
( 06.11.09 01:08:51 MSK )
Вышел tmux 1.1
Не собирается у меня сие чудо. Ругается на этапе сборки. Дистр-сид. Помогите.
cetjs2 ★★★★★
( 06.11.09 01:08:56 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от xetf 06.11.09 01:05:25 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
>Да пофиг на лицензию, код всё равно открыт.
Да-да. Ждем пропиетарного Ultimate Tmux.
jackill ★★★★★
( 06.11.09 01:09:32 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от jackill 06.11.09 01:09:32 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
GPL, конечно, православнее, но не пользоваться программой только из-за того, что она под BSD — глупо. Главное чтоб не EULA =)
xetf ★★
( 06.11.09 01:16:03 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от jackill 06.11.09 01:08:51 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
Сомневаюсь что большинству пользователей screen нужна поддержка IRIX или HP-UX.
xetf ★★
( 06.11.09 01:17:42 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от xetf 06.11.09 01:16:03 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
> но не пользоваться программой только из-за того, что она под BSD — глупо. Главное чтоб не EULA =)
ты это бздунам скажи. я вот пользуюсь скрином уже чёрте сколько лет, и доволен. а им видимо пальцы жгёт или глаза, решили велосипед построить.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 01:21:21 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 06.11.09 01:21:21 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
>решили велосипед построить.
Побольше бы таких велосипедов.
xetf ★★
( 06.11.09 01:29:19 MSK ) автор топика
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от ZZaiatSS 05.11.09 23:28:10 MSK
Вышел tmux 1.1
> попробуйте с нуля осилить сначала screen
dubrsl
( 06.11.09 01:30:49 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 06.11.09 01:21:21 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
> им видимо пальцы жгёт или глаза
Толстый нетехнический троллинг не нужен. Иди утопись в унитазе из-за своего никчемного существования.
Прежде чем это вести речь о лицензии посмотри в каком состоянии GNU screen находится. Поддержка юникода работает через одно место: в статусной строке не работает; в окнах некоторые символы игнорируются.
Попробуй
$ echo «\u202afoo\e[3Dbar» (пример для zsh)
или
$ python2.6 -c ‘print(u»\u202afoo\x1b[3Dbar»)’
xterm, urxvt, libvte, mlterm выдают `fbar’, однако screen кушает тот пробел и показывает `bar’. Пример реального артефакта: запусти w3m внутри screen и наведи курсор на Norsk в en.wikipedia.org в меню выбора языка.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 01:50:23 MSK )
Ответ на: Re: Вышел tmux 1.1 от anonymous 06.11.09 01:50:23 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
дружище, кто мешает исправить баги в скрине? в сабже я уверен они тоже есть.
anonymous
( 06.11.09 02:18:15 MSK )
Ответ на: Вышел tmux 1.1 от xetf 06.11.09 01:16:03 MSK
Re: Вышел tmux 1.1
>BSD, конечно, православнее, но не пользоваться программой только из-за того, что она под GPL — глупо. Главное чтоб не EULA
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Support reverse-wraparound mode? #2716
backspace opened this issue Feb 12, 2020 · 12 comments · Fixed by #2724
Support reverse-wraparound mode? #2716
backspace opened this issue Feb 12, 2020 · 12 comments · Fixed by #2724
type/enhancement Features or improvements to existing features
Comments
backspace commented Feb 12, 2020 •
I’m implementing a highly-restricted terminal with Xterm.js to allow users to edit their desired remote execution command before they connect to a true terminal. The editable portion of the line is only at the end; the rest represents the full command that one would use to perform the same action in a non-web terminal.
It’s a bit hackish to be interpreting keyboard events to edit a string, but it’s been working well enough. However, I’ve now found that if the editable part of the command wraps to another line, backspacing doesn’t wrap to the previous line. I found this Super User answer that suggests I could use “reverse-wraparound mode” in a true xterm, but sending that to the Xterm.js terminal didn’t change the behaviour.
Reverse-wraparound mode is mentioned in some comments in Xterm.js’s input handler, but it seems like it’s not handled.
Is there any chance that this mode will be supported? If not I can surely detect whether backspacing has reached the beginning of the line and move to the previous one if necessary, but I thought I’d ask in case there’s hope that this will be added or if there’s something I’m missing, because handling it manually seems like it’ll add more brittleness. If there’s any desire for it to be incorporated into Xterm.js, I could try making a PR!
Thanks for all the work on this, it works perfectly once the remote session has begun, it’s impressively powerful ��
The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:
Docker run reference
Docker runs processes in isolated containers. A container is a process which runs on a host. The host may be local or remote. When an operator executes docker run , the container process that runs is isolated in that it has its own file system, its own networking, and its own isolated process tree separate from the host.
This page details how to use the docker run command to define the container’s resources at runtime.
General form
The basic docker run command takes this form:
$ docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE[:TAG|@DIGEST] [COMMAND] [ARG. ] The docker run command must specify an IMAGE open_in_new to derive the container from. An image developer can define image defaults related to:
- detached or foreground running
- container identification
- network settings
- runtime constraints on CPU and memory
With the docker run [OPTIONS] an operator can add to or override the image defaults set by a developer. And, additionally, operators can override nearly all the defaults set by the Docker runtime itself. The operator’s ability to override image and Docker runtime defaults is why run has more options than any other docker command.
To learn how to interpret the types of [OPTIONS] , see Option types.
Note
Depending on your Docker system configuration, you may be required to preface the docker run command with sudo . To avoid having to use sudo with the docker command, your system administrator can create a Unix group called docker and add users to it. For more information about this configuration, refer to the Docker installation documentation for your operating system.
Operator exclusive options
Only the operator (the person executing docker run ) can set the following options.
- Detached vs foreground
- Detached (-d)
- Foreground
- Name (—name)
- PID equivalent
Detached vs foreground
When starting a Docker container, you must first decide if you want to run the container in the background in a «detached» mode or in the default foreground mode:
-d=false: Detached mode: Run container in the background, print new container idDetached (-d)
To start a container in detached mode, you use -d=true or just -d option. By design, containers started in detached mode exit when the root process used to run the container exits, unless you also specify the —rm option. If you use -d with —rm , the container is removed when it exits or when the daemon exits, whichever happens first.
Do not pass a service x start command to a detached container. For example, this command attempts to start the nginx service.
$ docker run -d -p 80:80 my_image service nginx startThis succeeds in starting the nginx service inside the container. However, it fails the detached container paradigm in that, the root process ( service nginx start ) returns and the detached container stops as designed. As a result, the nginx service is started but could not be used. Instead, to start a process such as the nginx web server do the following:
$ docker run -d -p 80:80 my_image nginx -g 'daemon off;'To do input/output with a detached container use network connections or shared volumes. These are required because the container is no longer listening to the command line where docker run was run.
To reattach to a detached container, use docker attach command.
Foreground
In foreground mode (the default when -d is not specified), docker run can start the process in the container and attach the console to the process’s standard input, output, and standard error. It can even pretend to be a TTY (this is what most command line executables expect) and pass along signals. All of that is configurable:
-a=[] : Attach to `STDIN`, `STDOUT` and/or `STDERR` -t : Allocate a pseudo-tty --sig-proxy=true: Proxy all received signals to the process (non-TTY mode only) -i : Keep STDIN open even if not attachedIf you do not specify -a then Docker will attach to both stdout and stderr open_in_new . You can specify to which of the three standard streams ( STDIN , STDOUT , STDERR ) you’d like to connect instead, as in:
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For interactive processes (like a shell), you must use -i -t together in order to allocate a tty for the container process. -i -t is often written -it as you’ll see in later examples. Specifying -t is forbidden when the client is receiving its standard input from a pipe, as in:
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Note
A process running as PID 1 inside a container is treated specially by Linux: it ignores any signal with the default action. As a result, the process will not terminate on SIGINT or SIGTERM unless it is coded to do so.
Container identification
Name (—name)
The operator can identify a container in three ways:
Identifier type Example value UUID long identifier «f78375b1c487e03c9438c729345e54db9d20cfa2ac1fc3494b6eb60872e74778» UUID short identifier «f78375b1c487» Name «evil_ptolemy» The UUID identifiers come from the Docker daemon. If you do not assign a container name with the —name option, then the daemon generates a random string name for you. Defining a name can be a handy way to add meaning to a container. If you specify a name , you can use it when referencing the container within a Docker network. This works for both background and foreground Docker containers.
Note
Containers on the default bridge network must be linked to communicate by name.
PID equivalent
Finally, to help with automation, you can have Docker write the container ID out to a file of your choosing. This is similar to how some programs might write out their process ID to a file (you’ve seen them as PID files):
--cidfile="": Write the container ID to the fileImage[:tag]
While not strictly a means of identifying a container, you can specify a version of an image you’d like to run the container with by adding image[:tag] to the command. For example, docker run ubuntu:22.04 .
Image[@digest]
Images using the v2 or later image format have a content-addressable identifier called a digest. As long as the input used to generate the image is unchanged, the digest value is predictable and referenceable.
The following example runs a container from the alpine image with the sha256:9cacb71397b640eca97488cf08582ae4e4068513101088e9f96c9814bfda95e0 digest:
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PID settings (—pid)
--pid="" : Set the PID (Process) Namespace mode for the container, 'container:By default, all containers have the PID namespace enabled.
PID namespace provides separation of processes. The PID Namespace removes the view of the system processes, and allows process ids to be reused including pid 1.
In certain cases you want your container to share the host’s process namespace, basically allowing processes within the container to see all of the processes on the system. For example, you could build a container with debugging tools like strace or gdb , but want to use these tools when debugging processes within the container.
Example: run htop inside a container
Create this Dockerfile:
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Build the Dockerfile and tag the image as myhtop :content_copy
Use the following command to run htop inside a container:
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Joining another container’s pid namespace can be used for debugging that container.
Example
Start a container running a redis server:
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Debug the redis container by running another container that has strace in it:
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--uts="" : Set the UTS namespace mode for the container, 'host': use the host's UTS namespace inside the containerThe UTS namespace is for setting the hostname and the domain that is visible to running processes in that namespace. By default, all containers, including those with —network=host , have their own UTS namespace. The host setting will result in the container using the same UTS namespace as the host. Note that —hostname and —domainname are invalid in host UTS mode.
You may wish to share the UTS namespace with the host if you would like the hostname of the container to change as the hostname of the host changes. A more advanced use case would be changing the host’s hostname from a container.
IPC settings (—ipc)
--ipc="MODE" : Set the IPC mode for the containerThe following values are accepted:
Value Description «» Use daemon’s default. «none» Own private IPC namespace, with /dev/shm not mounted. «private» Own private IPC namespace. «shareable» Own private IPC namespace, with a possibility to share it with other containers. «container:name-or-ID>» Join another («shareable») container’s IPC namespace. «host» Use the host system’s IPC namespace. If not specified, daemon default is used, which can either be «private» or «shareable» , depending on the daemon version and configuration.
IPC (POSIX/SysV IPC) namespace provides separation of named shared memory segments, semaphores and message queues.
Shared memory segments are used to accelerate inter-process communication at memory speed, rather than through pipes or through the network stack. Shared memory is commonly used by databases and custom-built (typically C/OpenMPI, C++/using boost libraries) high performance applications for scientific computing and financial services industries. If these types of applications are broken into multiple containers, you might need to share the IPC mechanisms of the containers, using «shareable» mode for the main (i.e. «donor») container, and «container:» for other containers.
Network settings
--dns=[] : Set custom dns servers for the container --network="bridge" : Connect a container to a network 'bridge': create a network stack on the default Docker bridge 'none': no networking 'container:By default, all containers have networking enabled and they can make any outgoing connections. The operator can completely disable networking with docker run —network none which disables all incoming and outgoing networking. In cases like this, you would perform I/O through files or STDIN and STDOUT only.
Publishing ports and linking to other containers only works with the default (bridge). The linking feature is a legacy feature. You should always prefer using Docker network drivers over linking.
Your container will use the same DNS servers as the host by default, but you can override this with —dns .
By default, the MAC address is generated using the IP address allocated to the container. You can set the container’s MAC address explicitly by providing a MAC address via the —mac-address parameter (format: 12:34:56:78:9a:bc ).Be aware that Docker does not check if manually specified MAC addresses are unique.
Network Description none No networking in the container. bridge (default) Connect the container to the bridge via veth interfaces. host Use the host’s network stack inside the container. container: Use the network stack of another container, specified via its name or id. NETWORK Connects the container to a user created network (using docker network create command) Network: none
With the network is none a container will not have access to any external routes. The container will still have a loopback interface enabled in the container but it does not have any routes to external traffic.
Network: bridge
With the network set to bridge a container will use docker’s default networking setup. A bridge is setup on the host, commonly named docker0 , and a pair of veth interfaces will be created for the container. One side of the veth pair will remain on the host attached to the bridge while the other side of the pair will be placed inside the container’s namespaces in addition to the loopback interface. An IP address will be allocated for containers on the bridge’s network and traffic will be routed though this bridge to the container.
Containers can communicate via their IP addresses by default. To communicate by name, they must be linked.
Network: host
With the network set to host a container will share the host’s network stack and all interfaces from the host will be available to the container. The container’s hostname will match the hostname on the host system. Note that —mac-address is invalid in host netmode. Even in host network mode a container has its own UTS namespace by default. As such —hostname and —domainname are allowed in host network mode and will only change the hostname and domain name inside the container. Similar to —hostname , the —add-host , —dns , —dns-search , and —dns-option options can be used in host network mode. These options update /etc/hosts or /etc/resolv.conf inside the container. No change are made to /etc/hosts and /etc/resolv.conf on the host.
Compared to the default bridge mode, the host mode gives significantly better networking performance since it uses the host’s native networking stack whereas the bridge has to go through one level of virtualization through the docker daemon. It is recommended to run containers in this mode when their networking performance is critical, for example, a production Load Balancer or a High Performance Web Server.
Note
—network=»host» gives the container full access to local system services such as D-bus and is therefore considered insecure.
Network: container
With the network set to container a container will share the network stack of another container. The other container’s name must be provided in the format of —network container:
Example running a Redis container with Redis binding to localhost then running the redis-cli command and connecting to the Redis server over the localhost interface.
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User-defined network
You can create a network using a Docker network driver or an external network driver plugin. You can connect multiple containers to the same network. Once connected to a user-defined network, the containers can communicate easily using only another container’s IP address or name.
For overlay networks or custom plugins that support multi-host connectivity, containers connected to the same multi-host network but launched from different Engines can also communicate in this way.
The following example creates a network using the built-in bridge network driver and running a container in the created network
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Managing /etc/hosts
Your container will have lines in /etc/hosts which define the hostname of the container itself as well as localhost and a few other common things. The —add-host flag can be used to add additional lines to /etc/hosts .
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If a container is connected to the default bridge network and linked with other containers, then the container’s /etc/hosts file is updated with the linked container’s name.
Note
Since Docker may live update the container’s /etc/hosts file, there may be situations when processes inside the container can end up reading an empty or incomplete /etc/hosts file. In most cases, retrying the read again should fix the problem.
Restart policies (—restart)
Using the —restart flag on Docker run you can specify a restart policy for how a container should or should not be restarted on exit.
When a restart policy is active on a container, it will be shown as either Up or Restarting in docker ps . It can also be useful to use docker events to see the restart policy in effect.
Docker supports the following restart policies:
Policy Result no Do not automatically restart the container when it exits. This is the default. on-failure[:max-retries] Restart only if the container exits with a non-zero exit status. Optionally, limit the number of restart retries the Docker daemon attempts. always Always restart the container regardless of the exit status. When you specify always, the Docker daemon will try to restart the container indefinitely. The container will also always start on daemon startup, regardless of the current state of the container. unless-stopped Always restart the container regardless of the exit status, including on daemon startup, except if the container was put into a stopped state before the Docker daemon was stopped. An increasing delay (double the previous delay, starting at 100 milliseconds) is added before each restart to prevent flooding the server. This means the daemon will wait for 100 ms, then 200 ms, 400, 800, 1600, and so on until either the on-failure limit, the maximum delay of 1 minute is hit, or when you docker stop or docker rm -f the container.
If a container is successfully restarted (the container is started and runs for at least 10 seconds), the delay is reset to its default value of 100 ms.
You can specify the maximum amount of times Docker will try to restart the container when using the on-failure policy. The default is that Docker will try forever to restart the container. The number of (attempted) restarts for a container can be obtained via docker inspect . For example, to get the number of restarts for container «my-container»;
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>" my-container Or, to get the last time the container was (re)started;
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>" my-containerCombining —restart (restart policy) with the —rm (clean up) flag results in an error. On container restart, attached clients are disconnected. See the examples on using the —rm (clean up) flag later in this page.
Examples
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This will run the redis container with a restart policy of always so that if the container exits, Docker will restart it.
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This will run the redis container with a restart policy of on-failure and a maximum restart count of 10. If the redis container exits with a non-zero exit status more than 10 times in a row Docker will abort trying to restart the container. Providing a maximum restart limit is only valid for the on-failure policy.
Exit Status
The exit code from docker run gives information about why the container failed to run or why it exited. When docker run exits with a non-zero code, the exit codes follow the chroot standard, see below:
125 if the error is with Docker daemon itself
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126 if the contained command cannot be invoked
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127 if the contained command cannot be found
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Exit code of contained command otherwise
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By default a container’s file system persists even after the container exits. This makes debugging a lot easier (since you can inspect the final state) and you retain all your data by default. But if you are running short-term foreground processes, these container file systems can really pile up. If instead you’d like Docker to automatically clean up the container and remove the file system when the container exits, you can add the —rm flag:
--rm=false: Automatically remove the container when it exitsNote
If you set the —rm flag, Docker also removes the anonymous volumes associated with the container when the container is removed. This is similar to running docker rm -v my-container . Only volumes that are specified without a name are removed. For example, when running:
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the volume for /foo will be removed, but the volume for /bar will not. Volumes inherited via —volumes-from will be removed with the same logic: if the original volume was specified with a name it will not be removed.
Security configuration
Option Description —security-opt=»label=user:USER» Set the label user for the container —security-opt=»label=role:ROLE» Set the label role for the container —security-opt=»label=type:TYPE» Set the label type for the container —security-opt=»label=level:LEVEL» Set the label level for the container —security-opt=»label=disable» Turn off label confinement for the container —security-opt=»apparmor=PROFILE» Set the apparmor profile to be applied to the container —security-opt=»no-new-privileges=true» Disable container processes from gaining new privileges —security-opt=»seccomp=unconfined» Turn off seccomp confinement for the container —security-opt=»seccomp=profile.json» White-listed syscalls seccomp Json file to be used as a seccomp filter You can override the default labeling scheme for each container by specifying the —security-opt flag. Specifying the level in the following command allows you to share the same content between containers.
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Note
Automatic translation of MLS labels is not currently supported.
To disable the security labeling for this container versus running with the —privileged flag, use the following command:
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If you want a tighter security policy on the processes within a container, you can specify an alternate type for the container. You could run a container that is only allowed to listen on Apache ports by executing the following command:
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Note
You would have to write policy defining a svirt_apache_t type.
If you want to prevent your container processes from gaining additional privileges, you can execute the following command:
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This means that commands that raise privileges such as su or sudo will no longer work. It also causes any seccomp filters to be applied later, after privileges have been dropped which may mean you can have a more restrictive set of filters. For more details, see the kernel documentation open_in_new .
Specify an init process
You can use the —init flag to indicate that an init process should be used as the PID 1 in the container. Specifying an init process ensures the usual responsibilities of an init system, such as reaping zombie processes, are performed inside the created container.
The default init process used is the first docker-init executable found in the system path of the Docker daemon process. This docker-init binary, included in the default installation, is backed by tini open_in_new .
Specify custom cgroups
Using the —cgroup-parent flag, you can pass a specific cgroup to run a container in. This allows you to create and manage cgroups on their own. You can define custom resources for those cgroups and put containers under a common parent group.
Runtime constraints on resources
The operator can also adjust the performance parameters of the container:
Option Description -m , —memory=»» Memory limit (format: [] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b , k , m , or g . Minimum is 6M. —memory-swap=»» Total memory limit (memory + swap, format: [] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b , k , m , or g . —memory-reservation=»» Memory soft limit (format: [] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b , k , m , or g . —kernel-memory=»» Kernel memory limit (format: [] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b , k , m , or g . Minimum is 4M. -c , —cpu-shares=0 CPU shares (relative weight) —cpus=0.000 Number of CPUs. Number is a fractional number. 0.000 means no limit. —cpu-period=0 Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period —cpuset-cpus=»» CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) —cpuset-mems=»» Memory nodes (MEMs) in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1). Only effective on NUMA systems. —cpu-quota=0 Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota —cpu-rt-period=0 Limit the CPU real-time period. In microseconds. Requires parent cgroups be set and cannot be higher than parent. Also check rtprio ulimits. —cpu-rt-runtime=0 Limit the CPU real-time runtime. In microseconds. Requires parent cgroups be set and cannot be higher than parent. Also check rtprio ulimits. —blkio-weight=0 Block IO weight (relative weight) accepts a weight value between 10 and 1000. —blkio-weight-device=»» Block IO weight (relative device weight, format: DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT ) —device-read-bps=»» Limit read rate from a device (format: :[] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of kb , mb , or gb . —device-write-bps=»» Limit write rate to a device (format: :[] ). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of kb , mb , or gb . —device-read-iops=»» Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (format: : ). Number is a positive integer. —device-write-iops=»» Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (format: : ). Number is a positive integer. —oom-kill-disable=false Whether to disable OOM Killer for the container or not. —oom-score-adj=0 Tune container’s OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000) —memory-swappiness=»» Tune a container’s memory swappiness behavior. Accepts an integer between 0 and 100. —shm-size=»» Size of /dev/shm . The format is . number must be greater than 0 . Unit is optional and can be b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), or g (gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes. If you omit the size entirely, the system uses 64m . User memory constraints
We have four ways to set user memory usage:
Option Result memory=inf, memory-swap=inf (default) There is no memory limit for the container. The container can use as much memory as needed. memory=L (specify memory and set memory-swap as -1 ) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, but can use as much swap as is needed (if the host supports swap memory). memory=L (specify memory without memory-swap) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, swap plus memory usage is double of that. memory=L (specify both memory and memory-swap) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, swap plus memory usage is limited by S. content_copy
We set nothing about memory, this means the processes in the container can use as much memory and swap memory as they need.
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We set memory limit and disabled swap memory limit, this means the processes in the container can use 300M memory and as much swap memory as they need (if the host supports swap memory).
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We set memory limit only, this means the processes in the container can use 300M memory and 300M swap memory, by default, the total virtual memory size (—memory-swap) will be set as double of memory, in this case, memory + swap would be 2*300M, so processes can use 300M swap memory as well.
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We set both memory and swap memory, so the processes in the container can use 300M memory and 700M swap memory.
Memory reservation is a kind of memory soft limit that allows for greater sharing of memory. Under normal circumstances, containers can use as much of the memory as needed and are constrained only by the hard limits set with the -m / —memory option. When memory reservation is set, Docker detects memory contention or low memory and forces containers to restrict their consumption to a reservation limit.
Always set the memory reservation value below the hard limit, otherwise the hard limit takes precedence. A reservation of 0 is the same as setting no reservation. By default (without reservation set), memory reservation is the same as the hard memory limit.
Memory reservation is a soft-limit feature and does not guarantee the limit won’t be exceeded. Instead, the feature attempts to ensure that, when memory is heavily contended for, memory is allocated based on the reservation hints/setup.
The following example limits the memory ( -m ) to 500M and sets the memory reservation to 200M.
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Under this configuration, when the container consumes memory more than 200M and less than 500M, the next system memory reclaim attempts to shrink container memory below 200M.
The following example set memory reservation to 1G without a hard memory limit.
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The container can use as much memory as it needs. The memory reservation setting ensures the container doesn’t consume too much memory for long time, because every memory reclaim shrinks the container’s consumption to the reservation.
By default, kernel kills processes in a container if an out-of-memory (OOM) error occurs. To change this behaviour, use the —oom-kill-disable option. Only disable the OOM killer on containers where you have also set the -m/—memory option. If the -m flag is not set, this can result in the host running out of memory and require killing the host’s system processes to free memory.
The following example limits the memory to 100M and disables the OOM killer for this container:
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The following example, illustrates a dangerous way to use the flag:
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The container has unlimited memory which can cause the host to run out memory and require killing system processes to free memory. The —oom-score-adj parameter can be changed to select the priority of which containers will be killed when the system is out of memory, with negative scores making them less likely to be killed, and positive scores more likely.
Kernel memory constraints
Kernel memory is fundamentally different than user memory as kernel memory can’t be swapped out. The inability to swap makes it possible for the container to block system services by consuming too much kernel memory. Kernel memory includes：
- stack pages
- slab pages
- sockets memory pressure
- tcp memory pressure
You can setup kernel memory limit to constrain these kinds of memory. For example, every process consumes some stack pages. By limiting kernel memory, you can prevent new processes from being created when the kernel memory usage is too high.
Kernel memory is never completely independent of user memory. Instead, you limit kernel memory in the context of the user memory limit. Assume «U» is the user memory limit and «K» the kernel limit. There are three possible ways to set limits:
Option Result U != 0, K = inf (default) This is the standard memory limitation mechanism already present before using kernel memory. Kernel memory is completely ignored. U != 0, K < U Kernel memory is a subset of the user memory. This setup is useful in deployments where the total amount of memory per-cgroup is overcommitted. Overcommitting kernel memory limits is definitely not recommended, since the box can still run out of non-reclaimable memory. In this case, you can configure K so that the sum of all groups is never greater than the total memory. Then, freely set U at the expense of the system’s service quality. U != 0, K > U Since kernel memory charges are also fed to the user counter and reclamation is triggered for the container for both kinds of memory. This configuration gives the admin a unified view of memory. It is also useful for people who just want to track kernel memory usage. content_copy
We set memory and kernel memory, so the processes in the container can use 500M memory in total, in this 500M memory, it can be 50M kernel memory tops.
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We set kernel memory without -m, so the processes in the container can use as much memory as they want, but they can only use 50M kernel memory.
Swappiness constraint
By default, a container’s kernel can swap out a percentage of anonymous pages. To set this percentage for a container, specify a —memory-swappiness value between 0 and 100. A value of 0 turns off anonymous page swapping. A value of 100 sets all anonymous pages as swappable. By default, if you are not using —memory-swappiness , memory swappiness value will be inherited from the parent.
For example, you can set:
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Setting the —memory-swappiness option is helpful when you want to retain the container’s working set and to avoid swapping performance penalties.
CPU share constraint
By default, all containers get the same proportion of CPU cycles. This proportion can be modified by changing the container’s CPU share weighting relative to the weighting of all other running containers.
To modify the proportion from the default of 1024, use the -c or —cpu-shares flag to set the weighting to 2 or higher. If 0 is set, the system will ignore the value and use the default of 1024.
The proportion will only apply when CPU-intensive processes are running. When tasks in one container are idle, other containers can use the left-over CPU time. The actual amount of CPU time will vary depending on the number of containers running on the system.
For example, consider three containers, one has a cpu-share of 1024 and two others have a cpu-share setting of 512. When processes in all three containers attempt to use 100% of CPU, the first container would receive 50% of the total CPU time. If you add a fourth container with a cpu-share of 1024, the first container only gets 33% of the CPU. The remaining containers receive 16.5%, 16.5% and 33% of the CPU.
On a multi-core system, the shares of CPU time are distributed over all CPU cores. Even if a container is limited to less than 100% of CPU time, it can use 100% of each individual CPU core.
For example, consider a system with more than three cores. If you start one container with -c=512 running one process, and another container with -c=1024 running two processes, this can result in the following division of CPU shares:
PID container CPU CPU share 100 0 100% of CPU0 101 1 100% of CPU1 102 2 100% of CPU2CPU period constraint
The default CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period is 100ms. We can use —cpu-period to set the period of CPUs to limit the container’s CPU usage. And usually —cpu-period should work with —cpu-quota .
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If there is 1 CPU, this means the container can get 50% CPU worth of run-time every 50ms.
In addition to use —cpu-period and —cpu-quota for setting CPU period constraints, it is possible to specify —cpus with a float number to achieve the same purpose. For example, if there is 1 CPU, then —cpus=0.5 will achieve the same result as setting —cpu-period=50000 and —cpu-quota=25000 (50% CPU).
The default value for —cpus is 0.000 , which means there is no limit.
Cpuset constraint
We can set cpus in which to allow execution for containers.
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This means processes in container can be executed on cpu 1 and cpu 3.
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This means processes in container can be executed on cpu 0, cpu 1 and cpu 2.
We can set mems in which to allow execution for containers. Only effective on NUMA systems.
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This example restricts the processes in the container to only use memory from memory nodes 1 and 3.
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This example restricts the processes in the container to only use memory from memory nodes 0, 1 and 2.
CPU quota constraint
The —cpu-quota flag limits the container’s CPU usage. The default 0 value allows the container to take 100% of a CPU resource (1 CPU). The CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) handles resource allocation for executing processes and is default Linux Scheduler used by the kernel. Set this value to 50000 to limit the container to 50% of a CPU resource. For multiple CPUs, adjust the —cpu-quota as necessary. For more information, see the CFS documentation on bandwidth limiting open_in_new .
Block IO bandwidth (Blkio) constraint
By default, all containers get the same proportion of block IO bandwidth (blkio). This proportion is 500. To modify this proportion, change the container’s blkio weight relative to the weighting of all other running containers using the —blkio-weight flag.
Note:
The blkio weight setting is only available for direct IO. Buffered IO is not currently supported.
The —blkio-weight flag can set the weighting to a value between 10 to 1000. For example, the commands below create two containers with different blkio weight:
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If you do block IO in the two containers at the same time, by, for example:
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You'll find that the proportion of time is the same as the proportion of blkio weights of the two containers.
The —blkio-weight-device=»DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT» flag sets a specific device weight. The DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT is a string containing a colon-separated device name and weight. For example, to set /dev/sda device weight to 200 :
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If you specify both the —blkio-weight and —blkio-weight-device , Docker uses the —blkio-weight as the default weight and uses —blkio-weight-device to override this default with a new value on a specific device. The following example uses a default weight of 300 and overrides this default on /dev/sda setting that weight to 200 :
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The —device-read-bps flag limits the read rate (bytes per second) from a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the read rate to 1mb per second from /dev/sda :
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The —device-write-bps flag limits the write rate (bytes per second) to a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the write rate to 1mb per second for /dev/sda :
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Both flags take limits in the :[unit] format. Both read and write rates must be a positive integer. You can specify the rate in kb (kilobytes), mb (megabytes), or gb (gigabytes).
The —device-read-iops flag limits read rate (IO per second) from a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the read rate to 1000 IO per second from /dev/sda :
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The —device-write-iops flag limits write rate (IO per second) to a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the write rate to 1000 IO per second to /dev/sda :
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Both flags take limits in the : format. Both read and write rates must be a positive integer.
Additional groups
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By default, the docker container process runs with the supplementary groups looked up for the specified user. If one wants to add more to that list of groups, then one can use this flag:
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Runtime privilege and Linux capabilities
Option Description —cap-add Add Linux capabilities —cap-drop Drop Linux capabilities —privileged Give extended privileges to this container —device=[] Allows you to run devices inside the container without the —privileged flag. By default, Docker containers are «unprivileged» and cannot, for example, run a Docker daemon inside a Docker container. This is because by default a container is not allowed to access any devices, but a «privileged» container is given access to all devices (see the documentation on cgroups devices open_in_new ).
The —privileged flag gives all capabilities to the container. When the operator executes docker run —privileged , Docker will enable access to all devices on the host as well as set some configuration in AppArmor or SELinux to allow the container nearly all the same access to the host as processes running outside containers on the host. Additional information about running with —privileged is available on the Docker Blog open_in_new .
If you want to limit access to a specific device or devices you can use the —device flag. It allows you to specify one or more devices that will be accessible within the container.
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By default, the container will be able to read , write , and mknod these devices. This can be overridden using a third :rwm set of options to each —device flag:
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In addition to —privileged , the operator can have fine grain control over the capabilities using —cap-add and —cap-drop . By default, Docker has a default list of capabilities that are kept. The following table lists the Linux capability options which are allowed by default and can be dropped.
Capability Key Capability Description AUDIT_WRITE Write records to kernel auditing log. CHOWN Make arbitrary changes to file UIDs and GIDs (see chown(2)). DAC_OVERRIDE Bypass file read, write, and execute permission checks. FOWNER Bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the file system UID of the process to match the UID of the file. FSETID Don’t clear set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits when a file is modified. KILL Bypass permission checks for sending signals. MKNOD Create special files using mknod(2). NET_BIND_SERVICE Bind a socket to internet domain privileged ports (port numbers less than 1024). NET_RAW Use RAW and PACKET sockets. SETFCAP Set file capabilities. SETGID Make arbitrary manipulations of process GIDs and supplementary GID list. SETPCAP Modify process capabilities. SETUID Make arbitrary manipulations of process UIDs. SYS_CHROOT Use chroot(2), change root directory. The next table shows the capabilities which are not granted by default and may be added.
Capability Key Capability Description AUDIT_CONTROL Enable and disable kernel auditing; change auditing filter rules; retrieve auditing status and filtering rules. AUDIT_READ Allow reading the audit log via multicast netlink socket. BLOCK_SUSPEND Allow preventing system suspends. BPF Allow creating BPF maps, loading BPF Type Format (BTF) data, retrieve JITed code of BPF programs, and more. CHECKPOINT_RESTORE Allow checkpoint/restore related operations. Introduced in kernel 5.9. DAC_READ_SEARCH Bypass file read permission checks and directory read and execute permission checks. IPC_LOCK Lock memory (mlock(2), mlockall(2), mmap(2), shmctl(2)). IPC_OWNER Bypass permission checks for operations on System V IPC objects. LEASE Establish leases on arbitrary files (see fcntl(2)). LINUX_IMMUTABLE Set the FS_APPEND_FL and FS_IMMUTABLE_FL i-node flags. MAC_ADMIN Allow MAC configuration or state changes. Implemented for the Smack LSM. MAC_OVERRIDE Override Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Implemented for the Smack Linux Security Module (LSM). NET_ADMIN Perform various network-related operations. NET_BROADCAST Make socket broadcasts, and listen to multicasts. PERFMON Allow system performance and observability privileged operations using perf_events, i915_perf and other kernel subsystems SYS_ADMIN Perform a range of system administration operations. SYS_BOOT Use reboot(2) and kexec_load(2), reboot and load a new kernel for later execution. SYS_MODULE Load and unload kernel modules. SYS_NICE Raise process nice value (nice(2), setpriority(2)) and change the nice value for arbitrary processes. SYS_PACCT Use acct(2), switch process accounting on or off. SYS_PTRACE Trace arbitrary processes using ptrace(2). SYS_RAWIO Perform I/O port operations (iopl(2) and ioperm(2)). SYS_RESOURCE Override resource Limits. SYS_TIME Set system clock (settimeofday(2), stime(2), adjtimex(2)); set real-time (hardware) clock. SYS_TTY_CONFIG Use vhangup(2); employ various privileged ioctl(2) operations on virtual terminals. SYSLOG Perform privileged syslog(2) operations. WAKE_ALARM Trigger something that will wake up the system. Both flags support the value ALL , so to allow a container to use all capabilities except for MKNOD :
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The —cap-add and —cap-drop flags accept capabilities to be specified with a CAP_ prefix. The following examples are therefore equivalent:
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For interacting with the network stack, instead of using —privileged they should use —cap-add=NET_ADMIN to modify the network interfaces.
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To mount a FUSE based filesystem, you need to combine both —cap-add and —device :
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The default seccomp profile will adjust to the selected capabilities, in order to allow use of facilities allowed by the capabilities, so you should not have to adjust this.
Logging drivers (—log-driver)
The container can have a different logging driver than the Docker daemon. Use the —log-driver=VALUE with the docker run command to configure the container’s logging driver. The following options are supported:
Driver Description none Disables any logging for the container. docker logs won’t be available with this driver. local Logs are stored in a custom format designed for minimal overhead. json-file Default logging driver for Docker. Writes JSON messages to file. No logging options are supported for this driver. syslog Syslog logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to syslog. journald Journald logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to journald . gelf Graylog Extended Log Format (GELF) logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to a GELF endpoint likeGraylog or Logstash. fluentd Fluentd logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to fluentd (forward input). awslogs Amazon CloudWatch Logs logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. splunk Splunk logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to splunk using Event Http Collector. etwlogs Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) events. Writes log messages as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) events. Only Windows platforms. gcplogs Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Logging. Writes log messages to Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Logging. logentries Rapid7 Logentries. Writes log messages to Rapid7 Logentries. The docker logs command is available only for the json-file and journald logging drivers. For detailed information on working with logging drivers, see Configure logging drivers open_in_new .
Overriding Dockerfile image defaults
When a developer builds an image from a Dockerfile open_in_new or when committing it, the developer can set a number of default parameters that take effect when the image starts up as a container.
Four of the Dockerfile commands cannot be overridden at runtime: FROM , MAINTAINER , RUN , and ADD . Everything else has a corresponding override in docker run . We’ll go through what the developer might have set in each Dockerfile instruction and how the operator can override that setting.
- CMD (Default Command or Options)
- ENTRYPOINT (Default Command to Execute at Runtime)
- EXPOSE (Incoming Ports)
- ENV (Environment Variables)
- HEALTHCHECK
- VOLUME (Shared Filesystems)
- USER
- WORKDIR
CMD (default command or options)
Recall the optional COMMAND in the Docker commandline:
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This command is optional because the person who created the IMAGE may have already provided a default COMMAND using the Dockerfile CMD instruction. As the operator (the person running a container from the image), you can override that CMD instruction just by specifying a new COMMAND .
If the image also specifies an ENTRYPOINT then the CMD or COMMAND get appended as arguments to the ENTRYPOINT .
ENTRYPOINT (default command to execute at runtime)
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The ENTRYPOINT of an image is similar to a COMMAND because it specifies what executable to run when the container starts, but it is (purposely) more difficult to override. The ENTRYPOINT gives a container its default nature or behavior, so that when you set an ENTRYPOINT you can run the container as if it were that binary, complete with default options, and you can pass in more options via the COMMAND . But, sometimes an operator may want to run something else inside the container, so you can override the default ENTRYPOINT at runtime by using a string to specify the new ENTRYPOINT . Here is an example of how to run a shell in a container that has been set up to automatically run something else (like /usr/bin/redis-server ):
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or two examples of how to pass more parameters to that ENTRYPOINT:
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You can reset a containers entrypoint by passing an empty string, for example:
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Note
Passing —entrypoint will clear out any default command set on the image (i.e. any CMD instruction in the Dockerfile used to build it).
EXPOSE (incoming ports)
The following run command options work with container networking:
--expose=[]: Expose a port or a range of ports inside the container. These are additional to those exposed by the `EXPOSE` instruction -P : Publish all exposed ports to the host interfaces -p=[] : Publish a container's port or a range of ports to the host format: ip:hostPort:containerPort | ip::containerPort | hostPort:containerPort | containerPort Both hostPort and containerPort can be specified as a range of ports. When specifying ranges for both, the number of container ports in the range must match the number of host ports in the range, for example: -p 1234-1236:1234-1236/tcp When specifying a range for hostPort only, the containerPort must not be a range. In this case the container port is published somewhere within the specified hostPort range. (e.g., `-p 1234-1236:1234/tcp`) (use 'docker port' to see the actual mapping) --link="" : Add link to another container (:alias or )With the exception of the EXPOSE directive, an image developer hasn’t got much control over networking. The EXPOSE instruction defines the initial incoming ports that provide services. These ports are available to processes inside the container. An operator can use the —expose option to add to the exposed ports.
To expose a container’s internal port, an operator can start the container with the -P or -p flag. The exposed port is accessible on the host and the ports are available to any client that can reach the host.
The -P option publishes all the ports to the host interfaces. Docker binds each exposed port to a random port on the host. The range of ports are within an ephemeral port range defined by /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range . Use the -p flag to explicitly map a single port or range of ports.
The port number inside the container (where the service listens) does not need to match the port number exposed on the outside of the container (where clients connect). For example, inside the container an HTTP service is listening on port 80 (and so the image developer specifies EXPOSE 80 in the Dockerfile). At runtime, the port might be bound to 42800 on the host. To find the mapping between the host ports and the exposed ports, use docker port .
If the operator uses —link when starting a new client container in the default bridge network, then the client container can access the exposed port via a private networking interface. If —link is used when starting a container in a user-defined network as described in Networking overview open_in_new , it will provide a named alias for the container being linked to.
ENV (environment variables)
Docker automatically sets some environment variables when creating a Linux container. Docker does not set any environment variables when creating a Windows container.
The following environment variables are set for Linux containers:
Variable Value HOME Set based on the value of USER HOSTNAME The hostname associated with the container PATH Includes popular directories, such as /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin TERM xterm if the container is allocated a pseudo-TTY Additionally, the operator can set any environment variable in the container by using one or more -e flags, even overriding those mentioned above, or already defined by the developer with a Dockerfile ENV . If the operator names an environment variable without specifying a value, then the current value of the named variable is propagated into the container’s environment:
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Similarly the operator can set the HOSTNAME (Linux) or COMPUTERNAME (Windows) with -h .
HEALTHCHECK
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--health-cmd Command to run to check health --health-interval Time between running the check --health-retries Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy --health-timeout Maximum time to allow one check to run --health-start-period Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown --no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECKcontent_copy
>' , , , , The health status is also displayed in the docker ps output.
TMPFS (mount tmpfs filesystems)
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The example below mounts an empty tmpfs into the container with the rw , noexec , nosuid , and size=65536k options.
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VOLUME (shared filesystems)
-v, --volume=[host-src:]container-dest[:]: Bind mount a volume. The comma-delimited `options` are [rw|ro], [z|Z], [[r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private], and [nocopy]. The 'host-src' is an absolute path or a name value. If neither 'rw' or 'ro' is specified then the volume is mounted in read-write mode. The `nocopy` mode is used to disable automatically copying the requested volume path in the container to the volume storage location. For named volumes, `copy` is the default mode. Copy modes are not supported for bind-mounted volumes. --volumes-from="": Mount all volumes from the given container(s)Note
When using systemd to manage the Docker daemon’s start and stop, in the systemd unit file there is an option to control mount propagation for the Docker daemon itself, called MountFlags . The value of this setting may cause Docker to not see mount propagation changes made on the mount point. For example, if this value is slave , you may not be able to use the shared or rshared propagation on a volume.
The volumes commands are complex enough to have their own documentation in section Use volumes open_in_new . A developer can define one or more VOLUME ‘s associated with an image, but only the operator can give access from one container to another (or from a container to a volume mounted on the host).
The container-dest must always be an absolute path such as /src/docs . The host-src can either be an absolute path or a name value. If you supply an absolute path for the host-src , Docker bind-mounts to the path you specify. If you supply a name , Docker creates a named volume by that name .
A name value must start with an alphanumeric character, followed by a-z0-9 , _ (underscore), . (period) or — (hyphen). An absolute path starts with a / (forward slash).
For example, you can specify either /foo or foo for a host-src value. If you supply the /foo value, Docker creates a bind mount. If you supply the foo specification, Docker creates a named volume.
USER
root (id = 0) is the default user within a container. The image developer can create additional users. Those users are accessible by name. When passing a numeric ID, the user does not have to exist in the container.
The developer can set a default user to run the first process with the Dockerfile USER instruction. When starting a container, the operator can override the USER instruction by passing the -u option.
-u="", --user="": Sets the username or UID used and optionally the groupname or GID for the specified command. The followings examples are all valid: --user=[ user | user:group | uid | uid:gid | user:gid | uid:group ]Note: if you pass a numeric uid, it must be in the range of 0-2147483647. If you pass a username, the user must exist in the container.
WORKDIR
The default working directory for running binaries within a container is the root directory ( / ). It is possible to set a different working directory with the Dockerfile WORKDIR command. The operator can override this with:
-w="", --workdir="": Working directory inside the containerschedule 46 minute read